In 2002, Dr. Donald Moss, then president of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB), decided to devote his entire annual meeting to exploring “the role of spirituality in health care.” Given the growing interest in the subject at that time, this seemed like a good idea — just not one that was unanimously embraced. One member of the association resigned immediately following the conference.

“His point of view was that the word ‘spirit’ or the word ‘religion’ shouldn’t even be mentioned in the same sentence with ‘science,’” said Moss during a recent conversation, “which I think is a very archaic attitude.”

Times have changed.

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With more than 75 percent of all medical schools in the U.S. having integrated spirituality into their training programs – up from just three schools 20 years ago – it’s safe to say that this once marginalized subject has made it into the mainstream of modern medicine.

What remains to be seen, however, is what role spirituality might play going forward.

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NOT SO NEW

Moss points out science-based investigations of the confluence between spirituality and health are not particularly new, citing the work of 19th-century scientist Francis Galton, cousin of Charles Darwin and father of modern statistical analysis who, in 1872, wrote an article probing the health effects of intercessory prayer.

“Here’s a man who was certainly respected by scientists, and he thought it was an interesting question,” said Moss. “He even said, since so much of the world’s population believes that prayer is effective, isn’t that in itself some evidence?”

According to Christina Puchalski, professor of medicine and health sciences at George Washington School of Medicine and director of the George Washington Institute for Spirituality and Health (GWISH), the number of people asking these kinds of questions began to drop right about the time Galton died.

“Spirituality has been foundational in health care for centuries but became overshadowed by early 20th-century technological advances in diagnosis and treatment,” wrote Puchalski in a recent article. “Though these advances were dramatic and resulted in countless lives saved, the scientific focus moved the culture of medicine away from a holistic, service-oriented model …”

Thanks to the efforts of people like Puchalski and Moss, now head of the College of Mind-Body Medicine at San Francisco’s Saybrook University, this trend is changing, with an increasing number of medical researchers and practitioners aiming to “reclaim medicine’s spiritual roots.”

BEYOND THE MEDICAL MAINSTREAM

One group Moss singles out as a key contributor to this reclamation are Christian Scientists.

“Christian Science, like certain other denominations, has cultivated prayer for healing,” he said. “So, even though I like it when the studies show that the effects of prayer are not narrowly limited by denomination, I also think it’s important to pay attention to people who actually cultivate the practice of prayer for healing, whether it’s a spiritual healer, a Christian Scientist or anyone else.”

It’s this capacity for healing Moss tries to foster in his graduate students as well, regardless of their spiritual or mind-body practice.

“I hope we’re creating a place in our school where people will come with the spirit and the capacity for healing …” he said.

Even so, many obstacles remain when it comes to integrating spirituality with conventional medicine.

“I think it’s healthy when religion or spirituality, or both, come back into the medical practice,” said Moss. “We have to be aware of our patient’s spiritual needs and religious needs.”

In his 2002 address to the AAPB, Moss suggested four questions to help doctors bridge this divide: Is faith, religion or spirituality important to you? Has faith been important at other times in your life? Do you have someone to talk to about religious matters? Would you like to explore religious matters with someone?

Spirituality’s continued utilization by an expanding segment of the population and gradual integration by an increasing number of medical professionals is encouraging. “There’s a place for active forms of spiritual healing,” said Moss. “Whether it’s Reiki, or therapeutic touch or Christian Science healing, the direct role for healing – spiritual healing – I think is very important.”

Eric Nelson serves as the media and legislative spokesperson for Christian Science in Northern California. Follow him on Twitter @norcalcs.